Every now and then I run across a neuroscientific study that makes me think in a new way, because it tries a fresh angle or studies something no one has studied before. A study from 2014 I just encountered accomplishes exactly that. (Thanks, by the way, to a wonderful blog anyone interested in brain research should check out regularly, Psyblog, authored by the indefatigable Dr. Jeremy Dean, for bringing the study to light.)
The study, published in Motivation and Emotion, by Verduyn & Lavrijsen, 2014, asked the apparently simple question, how long do emotions last? The answer is fascinating, and not at all simple. It’s not the case that negative emotions last and positive ones are fleeting, for example. An apparently random collection of positive and negative emotions come and go very quickly, whereas a similar set of both kinds of emotions last a good deal longer. Nor is it always the case that the importance of the event triggering the emotion determines how long it lasts.
Of course, trivial events that come and go by the score during the day won’t necessarily cause emotions to stick with you, and earth-shaking moments will probably last longer emotionally speaking. But we can never be sure how an event will strike us.
One of my first summer jobs was working for my dad, a scientist, in his lab. I was sixteen. My job was to feed a culture of anaerobic amoebae he was using in his work. One day I accidentally introduced some oxygen into the mix, instantly killing the culture. It was not a catastrophe, but it did set him back a week or two, and Dad was annoyed. In his pique, he said, “Obviously you’re not cut out to be a scientist.”
He forgot the comment in a few weeks, probably when the new culture was established, but I have remembered it for half a century and the sting of it is at least in part why I never did become a scientist.
OK, my career choices aside, what does determine how long an emotion lasts? In a word, rumination. Saskia Lavrijsen, co-author of the study, says, rumination “is the central determinant of why some emotions last longer than others. Emotions associated with high levels of rumination will last longest.”
At the short end of the emotional race, we have disgust, shame, humiliation, fear, and compassion. Irritation is in a dead heat with compassion, which makes me a bit sad to learn. These emotions typically last a half-hour, give or take. On the long side, we have anxiety, hope, desperation, joy, hatred, and the winner by several lengths: sadness. Sadness is the outlier, lasting five days, or twice as long as the next closest entrant, hatred.
Of course, sadness is a marker for depression, and that’s a tough, quiet killer of human feeling, relationships, and happiness. So perhaps it’s not surprising – an emotion that itself only lasts about 2 hours.
Some emotions that naturally seem to pair together sit at opposite ends of the spectrum – our fear is brief, but anxiety lasts a long time – typically 24 hours. Shame goes quickly, but guilt stays with us, three and half hours compared to 30 minutes. Again, the key seems to be how much we are inclined to ruminate on the emotion and the incident that brought it up.
Brene Brown’s wonderful new book, The Atlas of the Heart, helps make us aware of the incredible richness and nuance of human emotion. This study complements her work nicely, and shows us, in a very concrete way, how different emotions have much different weight in terms of their duration. It’s an important reminder that we have a responsibility to our fellow humans, whether we are teachers, speakers, colleagues, or friends, to understand what we are putting them through when we invoke an emotion in them. We should be very careful about the longer-lasting emotions especially, given that we may affect someone’s life for almost a week by introducing, in particular, the emotion of sadness. The Buddhists teach that the mind is like the sky, and emotions are like clouds that pass through the sky. One should just watch those clouds float by, rather than attaching oneself to them. This study suggests that that work may be considerably harder or easier depending on the emotion in question.
Great post, Nick! And to relate it to the one you posted recently about learning by writing things down by hand…
I’ve kept a journal since I was nine, but for decades I was determined to note only the good things. I wasn’t just protecting people who’d lashed out at me in anger, I reasoned, but I was keeping my focus on things I could be thankful for.
This “nothing bad happened” lens backfired, of course. If everyone in my orbit was so great, why was I filled with so much anxiety and shame? Writing down the bad things, the way I often do now, keeps me from ruminating about them. It gets the emotions out of my head and on a blank page where I can learn from them. It reminds me that where I take the story from here is largely up to me.
I have a shiny new copy of Atlas of the Heart on my “to read” pile, and you’re the latest to make me think that was a good move. :)
Thanks again, Nick.
Hello Nic, the human being is an imminently emotional being.
Even the a so-called rational decisions, they have a previous impulse commanded by our limbic brain.
We even have, this affimation in the Sales Area:
“We buy for emotion and we justify on reason.”
The question that could be asked:
this is good or bad?
Neither this nor that.
The emotions are part of our Nature.
And if it is part of our Nature, something good must exist for to insist on maintaining it over the millennia.
And so, we can say that emotions, somehow, they helped us get out of the caves and get to where we are.
On the other hand, if we can’t get rid of emotions, we can work hard to avoid being overly exposed to emotions that hurt us.
For example, avoiding watching TV crime shows that exploit the world’s doom.
They are news that in reality are the misfortunes of everyday life, results of the behavior of people who are super stressed,
So, escaping a little from this pseudo news, we can maintain our mental health a little better.
So I conclude that it is very important to avoid catastrophic news, and to seek healthier involvement.
NLP itself, teaches us that emotions act on our body and if they are negative, they reduce our immune system.
Totally avoiding it is impossible and is part of life, but I believe that it is possible to see the world with more positive eyes.
And as for the time that emotions dominate us, they must vary:
-By reason,
-Situation
-And with each person’s level of resilience.
Once again, congratulations on the article.
A big hug from your assiduous reader.
FROM BRAZIL
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Olá Nic, o ser humano é um ser eminentemente emocional.
Mesmo as chamadas decisões racionais, elas têm um impulso prévio comandado pelo nosso cérebro límbico.
Temos até, esta afirmação na Área de Vendas:
“Compramos pela emoção e justificamos pela razão.”
A pergunta que poderia ser feita:
isso é bom ou ruim?
Nem isto nem aquilo.
As emoções fazem parte da nossa Natureza.
E se faz parte da nossa Natureza, algo de bom deve existir para insistir em mantê-la ao longo dos milênios.
E assim, podemos dizer que as emoções, de alguma forma, nos ajudaram a sair das cavernas e chegar onde estamos.
Por outro lado, se não conseguirmos nos livrar das emoções, podemos trabalhar duro para evitar sermos excessivamente expostos a emoções que nos machucam.
Por exemplo, evitar assistir a programas criminais na TV que exploram a desgraça do mundo.
São notícias que na realidade são os infortúnios do dia a dia, resultados do comportamento de pessoas superestressadas,
Assim, fugindo um pouco dessa pseudo-notícia, podemos manter um pouco melhor nossa saúde mental.
Portanto, concluo que é muito importante evitar notícias catastróficas e buscar um envolvimento mais saudável.
A própria PNL, nos ensina que as emoções agem em nosso corpo e se forem negativas, reduzem nosso sistema imunológico.
Evitar totalmente é impossível e faz parte da vida, mas acredito que seja possível ver o mundo com olhos mais positivos.
E quanto ao tempo em que as emoções nos dominam, elas devem variar:
-Por razão,
-Situação
-E com o nível de resiliência de cada pessoa.
Mais uma vez parabéns pelo artigo.
Um grande abraço do seu leitor assíduo.
http://www.elazierbarbosa.com.br
DO BRASIL
Hello Elazier!
Wonderful to hear from you, the voice from Brasil. Your point is an excellent one, and the reason that we have this emotional system for making decisions and guiding our actions is simply that it proved to be essential for survival. Why? Because emotions, AKA “our gut”, are blindingly fast. If we had to reason out every decision we would be dead before too long. Reasoning is a very good way to build skyscrapers, but a very poor way to survive a jump scare from a sabre-tooth tiger!